Why School Suspensions Don’t Work

kraussI never had a student change his behavior for the better because he was suspended. Most of the time students returned and reoffended. Time away from school seemed to exacerbate problems, not fix them.

As a public school leader, I was in charge of major disciplinary actions — suspensions and expulsions. My school was for older, disconnected youth, some with violent and criminal backgrounds. We had to suspend students for all types of reasons: theft, fighting, threatening, bringing a weapon to school.

Even in a school run by social workers, our commitment to helping students was handicapped by some pretty arbitrary discipline rules. Our school board set and approved disciplinary policies, which were developed in partnership with our school leadership team, under the advisement of our lawyer. We all understood there were precedents to follow.

When we started, our discipline committee pored over policies from every area school district. Our lawyers told us to stay consistent with others. It would protect our school. I got it: Can you imagine what a judge and jury would think if we were a zero-suspension school, and a student with a history of violent behavior injured or killed a student or staff member?

For more information, visit the JJIE Resource Hub

So we set policies that mirrored those who had gone before us. Depending on the infraction, students could be suspended for one to three days or 11 to 180 days. If suspended, a student was given a bus ticket and a performance improvement plan. Requirements for her return were put in place. I am glad to say, those requirements often included supports and therapeutic interventions. But while a student was gone, she was provided with very little beyond schoolwork.

Thinking back, I know we set students up to fail. We followed precedents and protocol. We understood suspensions did not work, but when someone did something really risky or scary, removal was more appealing than restoration.

As a system, we induced a cycle of problem behavior. Students would act out, get sent home, be suspended, then return to school some number of days later. Now behind in their work, and embarrassed (or proud) of their absence, they would be more easily agitated and more likely to act out again. Quite a few of our students would spend their time away engaging in the same kinds of behavior, which could include running the streets, staying up late, drinking or doing drugs. They would come back in rough shape — hungry, hungover and tired.

As a leader, I allowed our school to use time as proxy for progress when it came to all major disciplinary situations. Some random number of days, first decided by some school district somewhere, was supposed to resolve whatever caused the suspension in the first place.

Time is not a cure-all for a young person’s problem behavior. Suspensions are easy to administer, monitor and track. Time-based policies are clean and can be uniform across settings and systems. A 10-day suspension looks the same and happens for the same reasons at my school and yours. We know when three or five or 10 days is up. We know when we should expect an instant change in behavior.

The problem is, it does not work. In the case of our school-based discipline, time was a poor proxy for progress, because students simply did not progress toward anything beneficial during their time away. And typically, the more time away the worse the results.

Time plays proxy for progress in many ways across youth systems. Juvenile judges issue timebased sentences: a certain number of days in a detention center or hours of community service. Educators follow seat-time credentialing requirements: a certain number of minutes of instruction to earn a unit of credit. Prevention programs set limits on the number of days or weeks a young person can be in a substance abuse treatment facility. Shelters and transitional living programs, often tied to public dollars, max out after a few weeks or months.

We all need to thoughtfully examine the efficacy of the time-based measures our youth systems rely on. Ask yourself, when and how does this measure lead a young person to move ahead, improve, grow and develop? Is there another way? A better way?

Knowing what I know now, I would have done more, much more, to find alternatives to suspension. I would have demanded our discipline practices kept all youth — including those who got in trouble — in the center.

It is time to set new precedents, to level the scales and bring progress-based measures up to the same level as our time-based ones. Each of us must come up with reasonable and scalable alternatives. If not, we will continue to have many young people biding their time — in school, out of school, in programs, out of programs — waiting to progress, waiting to finish. But in the wait, we will lose them.


Stephanie Malia Krauss is a senior fellow at The Forum For Youth Investment, focusing on issues of youth readiness and competencybased education. She was previously president and chief executive officer of Shearwater Education Foundation.

theForumThis column was produced in partnership with the Forum for Youth Investment.

4 thoughts on “Why School Suspensions Don’t Work

  1. Pingback: 19th Century Discipline in a 21st Century World – Co-CreatED

  2. Where does the cultural competency piece fit into this discussion? I agree suspension and expulsion does not solve the issue. However, how many schools and educators are partnering with big sisters and big brothers who have lived that life and through life experiences turned themselves around, and who these youth can relate to? They should be involved in creating individual learning plans with such mentors and people who they trust. There has to be some fluidity in working with these youth rather than putting them in a construct. I see so many troubled youth spend time with such brothers and sisters at Better Family Life and see them positively transform into responsible individuals. We have kids who have been expelled or suspended from school come to Better Family Life and spend time at our facility and they never exhibit poor behavior. Is it the cultural connectivity and the trusting environment that Better Family Life provides. If this is so, then we need to closely look at change in social and academic behavior among youth when there is a strong partnership between educators and community based organizations that are operating within the cultural competency framework.

  3. I am a retired school principal. I couldn’t agree more with the main tenant of this article: suspensions do not work. My school was a BOCES school and our students were those whose behaviors were so extreme that they could not successfully learn in the regular classroom environment. When we treated each student as an individual who lacked the skill set to interact and behave in an appropriate manner, we began to make headway. There are numerous scientifically proven programs available to this end. To reach these students requires time, effort and a change from the punishment model to a learning model for these kids. Unfortunately, most school districts lack the culture and/or vision to teach these students.

  4. What punishment would you suggest to a student who calls my son a “nigga” and tells him “I bet you have big, black juicy balls”? If suspension is not the answer, then what is the answer for this racist/sexual remark? Mind you, he is one of very few African-Americans in a predominantly Asian school. The kid was a 9-year-old Asian male who said this to him.